True-color 3D rendering of human anatomy using surface-guided color sampling from cadaver cryosection image data: A practical approach Jon Jatsu Azkue

Three-dimensional computer graphics are increasingly used for scientific visualization and for communicating anatomical knowledge and data. This study presents a practical method to produce true-color 3D surface renditions of anatomical structures. The procedure involves extracting the surface geometry of the structure of interest from a stack of cadaver cryosection images, using the extracted surface as a probe to retrieve color information from cryosection data, and mapping sampled colors back onto the surface model to produce a true-color rendition. Organs and body parts can be rendered separately or in combination to create custom anatomical scenes. By editing the surface probe, structures of interest can be rendered as if they had been previously dissected or prepared for anatomical demonstration. The procedure is highly flexible and nondestructive, offering new opportunities to present and communicate anatomical information and knowledge in a visually realistic manner. The technical procedure is described, including freely available open-source software tools involved in the production process, and examples of color surface renderings of anatomical structures are provided

External surface anatomy of the postfolding human embryo: Computer-aided, three-dimensional reconstruction of printable digital specimens

Opportunities for clinicians, researchers, and medical students to become acquainted with the three-dimensional (3D) anatomy of the human embryo have historically been limited. This work was aimed at creating a collection of digital, printable 3D surface models demonstrating major morphogenetic changes in the embryo's external anatomy, including typical features used for external staging. Twelve models were digitally reconstructed based on optical projection tomography, high-resolution episcopic microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging datasets of formalin-fixed specimens of embryos of developmental stages 12 through 23, that is, stages following longitudinal and transverse embryo folding. The reconstructed replica reproduced the external anatomy of the actual specimens in great detail, and the progress of development over stages was recognizable in a variety of external anatomical features and bodily structures, including the general layout and curvature of the body, the pharyngeal arches and cervical sinus, the physiological gut herniation, and external genitalia. In addition, surface anatomy features commonly used for embryo staging, such as distinct steps in the morphogenesis of facial primordia and limb buds, were also apparent. These digital replica, which are all provided for 3D visualization and printing, can serve as a novel resource for teaching and learning embryology and may contribute to a better appreciation of the human embryonic development

Embedding interactive, three-dimensional content in portable document format to deliver gross anatomy information and knowledge

The Portable Document Format (PDF) is likely the most widely used digital file format for scholarly and scientific electronic publishing. Since format specification version 1.6, three-dimensional (3D) models in Universal 3D (U3D) format can be embedded into PDF files. The present study demonstrates a repertoire of graphic strategies and modes of presentation that exploit the potentials of 3D models embedded in PDF to deliver anatomical information and knowledge. Three-dimensional models and scenes representing anatomical structures generated by 3D surface scanning or by segmentation from either clinical imaging data or cadaver sectional images were converted into U3D format and then embedded into PDF files using both freely and commercially available software. The relevant steps and required software tools are described. Built-in tools in Adobe Acrobat and JavaScript scripting both were used to pre-configure user interaction with 3D contents. Eight successive proof-of-concept examples of increasing complexity are presented and provided as supplementary material, including both unannotated and annotated 3D specimens, use of bitmap-textures, guided navigation through predetermined 3D scenes, 3D animation, and interactive navigation through tri-planar sectional human cadaver images. Three-dimensional contents embedded in PDF files are generally comparable to multimedia and dedicated 3D software in terms of quality, flexibility, and convenience, and offer new unprecedented opportunities to deliver anatomical information and knowledg

Mediku-enbriologia

107 p.Zelula baten garapen-ahalmena harengandik sor daitezkeen zelula mota ezberdinen kopurua da. Zelula sortzailearen ahalmena zenbat eta handiago izan, sor ditzakeen zelulak hainbat eta askotarikoagoak izango dira. Zigotoa zein harengandik sortzen diren blastomero izeneko lehendabiziko zelulak ahalguztidunak dira. Horrek esan nahi du zelula horietako bakoitzak gizabanako oso bat sortzeko ahalmena duela. Ahalguztiduntasunaren adibide bat dugu blastomero bat aldamenekoengandik banatzetik sortzen diren ume bikoitzetan. Blastomeroa ahalguztiduna da, eta, beraz, blastomero bat gainerakoengandik bereizten denetan gai da izaki oso bat sorrarazteko

Regulation of Nociceptive Plasticity Threshold and DARPP-32 Phosphorylation in Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons by Convergent Dopamine and Glutamate Inputs

Dopamine can influence NMDA receptor function and regulate glutamate-triggered long-term changes in synaptic strength in several regions of the CNS. In spinal cord, regulation of the threshold of synaptic plasticity may determine the proneness to undergo sensitization and hyperresponsiveness to noxious input. In the current study, we increased endogenous dopamine levels in the dorsal horn by using re-uptake inhibitor GBR 12935. During the so-induced hyperdopaminergic transmission, conditioning low-frequency (1 Hz) stimulation (LFS) to the sciatic nerve induced long-termpotentiation (LTP) of C-fiber-evoked potentials in dorsal horn neurons. The magnitude of LTP was attenuated by blockade of either dopamine D1-like receptors (D1LRs) by with SCH 23390 or NMDA receptor subunit NR2B with antagonist Ro25-6981. Conditioning LFS during GBR 12935 administration increased phosphorylation of dopamine-and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32kDa (DARPP-32) at threonine 34 residue in synaptosomal (P3) fraction of dorsal horn homogenates, as assessed by Western blot analysis, which was partially prevented by NR2B blockade prior to conditioning stimulation. Conditioning LFS also was followed by higher co-localization of phosphorylated form of NR2B at tyrosine 1472 and pDARPP-32(Thr34)-with postsynaptic marker PSD-95 in transverse L5 dorsal horn sections. Such increase could be significantly attenuated by D1LR blockade with SCH 23390. The current results support that coincidental endogenous recruitment of D1LRs and NR2B in dorsal horn synapses plays a role in regulating afferent-induced nociceptive plasticity. Parallel increases in DARPP-32 phosphorylationupon LTP induction suggests a role for this phosphoprotein as intracellular detector of convergent D1L- and NMDA receptor activation.This work was supported by the Basque Government (Eusko Jaurlaritza), Grant IT782-13 to JJA, URL: http://www.euskadi.eus and by the Ministerio de Economia y Compettividad(Spanish Government), Grant SAF2013-44533-P to JJA, URL: www.mineco.gob.es

The Elaboration of human anatomy terminology for the Basque language : the contribution of translators, linguists and experts

En aquest article comparem la traducció d'un atles d'anatomia amb la revisió que es va encarregar a experts i lingüistes. L'objectiu és avaluar la mena de contribució que poden fer traductors, lingüistes i experts en l'elaboració de la terminologia de l'anatomia humana en basc. Analitzem les oracions que mostren discordances entre la traducció i la revisió respecte de les unitats lèxiques i les regles de formació usades. Hem observat que les correccions fetes pels experts i lingüistes tendeixen a substituir préstecs i calcs de regles de formació per unitats i estructures genuïnes. Arribem a la conclusió que les polítiques de planificació lingüística que pretenen proporcionar recursos terminològics propis en detriment de solucions dependents d'altres llengües no han estat assumides pels traductors per l'opacitat semàntica de la terminologia de l'anatomia i per la morfologia transparent del basc en comparació amb la del castellà.In this paper we compare the translation of an atlas of anatomy with the review that was carried out by experts in human anatomy and linguists. The goal is to evaluate the type of contribution that translators, linguists and experts can make in the elaboration of the terminology of human anatomy in Basque. We analyzed the sequences that showed discordances between translation and review with respect to the lexical units and the term formation patterns used. We found that the corrections made by experts and linguists show a clear tendency to replace lexical loanwords and calqued term formation rules by genuine elements and structures. We conclude that the aims of language planning policies of gradually providing the language with terminological resources that are less dependent on other languages have not been met by translators due to the semantic opacity of anatomical terminology and the transparent morphology of Basque compared with Spanish

Embedding interactive, three‐dimensional content in portable document format (PDF) to deliver gross anatomy information and knowledge

The Portable Document Format (PDF) is likely the most widely used digital file format for scholarly and scientific electronic publishing. Since format specification version 1.6, three-dimensional (3D) models in Universal 3D (U3D) format can be embedded into PDF files. The present study demonstrates a repertoire of graphic strategies and modes of presentation that exploit the potentials of 3D models embedded in PDF to deliver anatomical information and knowledge. Three-dimensional models and scenes representing anatomical structures generated by 3D surface scanning or by segmentation from either clinical imaging data or cadaver sectional images were converted into U3D format and then embedded into PDF files using both freely and commercially available software. The relevant steps and required software tools are described. Built-in tools in Adobe Acrobat and JavaScript scripting both were used to pre-configure user interaction with 3D contents. Eight successive proof-of-concept examples of increasing complexity are presented and provided as supplementary material, including both unannotated and annotated 3D specimens, use of bitmap-textures, guided navigation through predetermined 3D scenes, 3D animation, and interactive navigation through tri-planar sectional human cadaver images. Three-dimensional contents embedded in PDF files are generally comparable to multimedia and dedicated 3D software in terms of quality, flexibility, and convenience, and offer new unprecedented opportunities to deliver anatomical information and knowledg

Learning of basic competencies in dentistry through collaborative multidisciplinary problem-based learning strategies

The former spanish ministry of Science and Education (MEC) established, by royal decree 1393/2007, five basic competencies whose acquisition must be guaranteed for all new graduates finishing higher education studies. Although it is mandatory that these five basic competencies are included in all new curricular plans of spanish universities, no official directives were provided for their development and implementation. We report on a new strategy to improve learning of these five basic competencies in the context of higher education in dentristr